The th1 pathway drives cellular immune responses against intracellular pathogens. Activation of the th1 pathway triggers interferon-gamma release, stimulating macrophages and cytotoxic T cells. This immune route is vital in fighting infections and cancer, maintaining immune balance, and preventing excessive inflammation through tightly regulated cytokine signaling mechanisms. https://www.betalifesci.com/blogs/news/th1-vs-th2